Suggested Readings
& References

We recognize that this project did not conduct a formal literature review so it is likely that we have not included all literature relating to Eastern redcedar. Rather, we prioritize and select scientific literature that represent the scientific consensus (emerged from literature review) on Eastern redcedar spread and impacts and provide the most overwhelming support for each fact. Please Send Us Your Science and News to share your research findings with us.

  • Acharya, B. S., Hao, Y., Ochsner, T. E., and Zou, C. B. (2017). Woody plant encroachment alters soil hydrological properties and reduces downward flux of water in tallgrass prairie. Plant and soil, 414(1-2), 379-391.
  • Adane, Z. A., and Gates, J. B. (2015). Determining the impacts of experimental forest plantation on groundwater recharge in the Nebraska Sand Hills (USA) using chloride and sulfate. Hydrogeology Journal, 23(1), 81-94.
  • Alford, A. L., Hellgren, E. C., Limb, R., and Engle, D. M. Experimental tree removal in tallgrass prairie: variable responses of flora and fauna along a woody cover gradient. Ecological Applications, 22(3), 947-958.
  • Anderson, R. S. (1982). Resource portioning in the carrion beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae) fauna of southern Ontario: ecological and evolutionary considerations. Can. J. Zool. 60:1982a. 1314–1325.
  • Andrews, P. L., and Rothermel, R. C. (1982). Charts for interpreting wildland fire behavior characteristics. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-131. Ogden, UT: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1-21.
  • Andrews, P. L., and Rothermel, R. C. (1982). Charts for interpreting wildland fire behavior characteristics.
  • Arend, J.L.(1950). Influence of fire and soil on distribution of eastern redcedar in the Ozarks. J. For. 48:129-130.
  • Arnold, J.F. (1964). Zonation of understory vegetation around a juniper tree. J. Range Manage. 17:41-42.
  • Axelrod, D. I. (1985). Rise of the grassland biome, central North America. The Botanical Review, 51(2), 163-201.
  • Axmann, B. D., and A. K. Knapp. (1993). Water relations of Juniperus virginiana and Andropogon gerardii in an unburned tallgrass prairie watershed. Southwestern Naturalist 38:325–330.
  • Bahari, Z. A., S. G. Pallardy, and W. C. Parker. (1985). Photosynthesis, water relations, and drought adaptation in six woody species of oak-hickory forests in central Missouri. Forest Science 31:557–569.
  • Bard GE (1952) Secondary succession on the piedmont of New Jersey. Ecol Monogr 22(3):195–215.
  • Barger N.N., Archer SR , Campbell JL , et al. (2011). Woody plant proliferation in North American drylands: a synthesis of impacts on ecosystem carbon balance. J Geophys Res-Biogeo 116: G00K07
  • Baruch-Mordo, S., Evans, J. S., Severson, J. P., Naugle, D. E., Maestas, J. D., Kiesecker, J. M., and Reese, K. P. (2013). Saving sage-grouse from the trees: a proactive solution to reducing a key threat to a candidate species. Biological Conservation, 167, 233-241.
  • Batek, M. J., and Rebertus, A. J. Schroeder, WA, Haithcoat. TL, Compas, E., and Guyette, RP (1999). Reconstruction of early nineteenth-century vegetation and fire regimes in the Missouri Ozarks. J. Biogeogr, 26, 397-412.
  • Beale, C. M., van Rensberg, S., Bond, W. J., Coughenour, M., Fynn, R., Gaylard, A., and Owen-Smith, N. (2013). Ten lessons for the conservation of African savannah ecosystems. Biological conservation, 167, 224-232.
  • Beckwith, E. G. (1855). Reports of explorations and surveys 185 3-1854. U.S. War Dep. Vol. 2 of 12 Vol. 149 p.
  • Beilmann, A. P., and Brenner, L. G. (1951). The recent intrusion of forests in the Ozarks. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 38(3), 261-282.
  • Beninger, C. W. (1994). Phenology, reproductive biology, and habitat associations of Nicrophorus Fab.(Coleoptera, Silphidae) of the Mer Bleue bog area (Ottawa, Canada). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 126(S169), 135-143.
  • Bielski, C. H. (dissertation research). Complex scaling associations between fire, vegetation, and policy.
  • Bihmidine, S., Bryan, N. M., Payne, K. R., Parde, M. R., Okalebo, J. A., Cooperstein, S. E., and Awada, T. (2010). Photosynthetic performance of invasive Pinus ponderosa and Juniperus virginiana seedlings under gradual soil water depletion. Plant Biology, 12(4), 668-675.
  • Bishop, A. A., Hoback, W. W., Albrecht, M., and Skinner, K. M. (2002). A comparison of an ecological model and GIS spatial analysis to describe niche partitioning amongst carrion beetles in Nebraska. Transactions in GIS, 6(4), 457-470.
  • Blair, R. B. (1996). Land use and avian species diversity along an urban gradient. Ecological applications, 6(2), 506-519.
  • Blewett, T. J. (1986). Eastern redcedar’s (Juniperus virginiana L.) expanded role in the prairie-forest border region. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 4, 222-228.
  • Bradbury, J. (1809). Travels in the interior of America. Ann Arbor, Mich. Univ. Microfilms, Inc. 1966. 364 p.
  • Bragg, T. B., and Hulbert, L. C. (1976). Woody plant invasion of unburned Kansas bluestem prairie. Journal of Range Management, 29(1), 19-24.
  • Breshears D.D. and Allen C.D. (2002). The importance of rapid, disturbance-induced losses in carbon management and sequestration. Global Ecol and Biogeogr 11: 1–15.
  • Briggs J.M., Gibson D.J. (1992). Effect of burning on tree spatial patterns in a tallgrass prairie landscape. Bull Torr Bot Club 119:300–7.
  • Briggs, J. M., Hoch, G. A., and Johnson, L. C. (2002). Assessing the rate, mechanisms, and consequences of the conversion of tallgrass prairie to Juniperus virginiana forest. Ecosystems, 5(6), 578-586.
  • Briggs, J. M., Knapp, A. K., Blair, J. M., Heisler, J. L., Hoch, G. A., Lett, M. S., and McCarron, J. K. (2005). An ecosystem in transition: causes and consequences of the conversion of mesic grassland to shrubland. BioScience, 55(3), 243-254.
  • Broadfoot WM, Pierre WH (1939) Forest soil studies: I. Relation of rate of decomposition of tree leaves to their acid-base balance and other chemical properties. Soil Sci 48:329–348.
  • Broadfoot, W. M. (1951a). Redcedar litter improves surface soil. USDA Forest Serv. Southern Forest Exp. Sta., Southern Forest. Notes 71.
  • Broadfoot, W. M. (1951b). Soil rehabilitation under eastern redcedar and loblolly pine. Journal of Forestry 49 (11): 780-781, 49(11), 780-781.
  • Burkhardt, J.W., and E.W. Tisdale. (1976). Causes of juniper invasion in southwestern Idaho. Ecology57:472-484.
  • Calkin, D. E., Venn T., Wibbenmeyer M., Thompson M. P. (2013) Estimating US federal wildland fire managers’ preferences toward competing strategic suppression objectives. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 22, 212-222.
  • Caterina GL. (2012). Juniperus Virginiana encroachment into mesic grasslands: rainfall interception and tree water use. MS Thesis.
  • Caterina, G. L., Will, R. E., Turton, D. J., Wilson, D. S., and Zou, C. B. (2014). Water use of Juniperus virginiana trees encroached into mesic prairies in Oklahoma, USA. Ecohydrology, 7(4), 1124-1134.
  • Chambers, J. C., S. B. Vander Wall, and E. W. Schupp. (1999). Seed and seedling ecology of pinyon and juniper species in the pygmy woodlands of western North America. Bot. Rev 65:1–38.
  • Chapman, R. N., Engle, D. M., Masters, R. E., and Leslie Jr, D. M. (2004). Tree invasion constrains the influence of herbaceous structure in grassland bird habitats. Ecoscience, 11(1), 55-63.
  • Chavez-Ramirez, F. and R. D. Slack. (1993). Carnivore fruit-use and seed dispersal of two selected plant species of the Edwards Plateau, Texas. Southwest. Nat 38:141–145.
  • Coile, T. S., (1933). Soil reaction and forest types in the Duke forest. Ecology 14:323-333.
  • Coppedge, B. R., Engle, D. M., Masters, R. E., and Gregory, M. S. (2004). Predicting juniper encroachment and CRP effects on avian community dynamics in southern mixed-grass prairie, USA. Biological Conservation, 115(3), 431-441.
  • Coppedge, B. R., Engle, D. M., Masters, R. E., and Gregory, M. S. (2001). Avian response to landscape change in fragmented southern Great Plains grasslands. Ecological Applications, 11(1), 47-59.
  • Day, A. G. (1940). Coronado's quest. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley. 419 p.
  • Donovan, V. M., Burnett, J. L., Bielski, C. H., et al. (2018). Social–ecological landscape patterns predict woody encroachment from native tree plantings in a temperate grassland. Ecol Evol. 00:1–9.
  • Droze, W. H. (1977). Trees, prairies and people: a history of tree planting in the Plains States. Denton, TX, USA Texas Woman's University. 313. p.
  • Duesterhaus, J. L. (2008). A micrometeorology study of stock watering ponds, rangelands, and woodlands in the Flint Hills of Kansas. Ph.D. Dissertation, Kansas State University.
  • Dugas, W. A., Hicks, R. A., and Wright, P. (1998). Effect of removal of Juniperus ashei on evapotranspiration and runoff in the Seco Creek watershed. Water Resources Research, 34(6), 1499-1506.
  • Eggemeyer, K. D., Awada, T., Wedin, D. A., Harvey, F. E., and Zhou, X. (2006). Ecophysiology of two native invasive woody species and two dominant warm-season grasses in the semiarid grasslands of the Nebraska Sandhills. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 167(5), 991-999.
  • Engle, D. M. and J. D. Kulbeth. (1992). Growth dynamics of crown of eastern redcedar at three locations in Oklahoma. Journal of Range Management 45:301–305.
  • Engle, D. M., Bidwell, T. G., and Moseley, M. E. (1996). Invasion of Oklahoma rangelands and forests by eastern redcedar and ashe juniper (pp. 1-4). Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University.
  • Engle, D. M., Coppedge, B. R., and Fuhlendorf, S. D. (2008). From the dust bowl to the green glacier: human activity and environmental change in Great Plains grasslands. In Van Auken OW (Ed). Western North American Juniperus Communities (pp. 253-271). Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
  • Engle, D., J. F. Stritzke, and Claypool, P. (1987). Herbage Standing Crop around Eastern Redcedar Trees. Journal of Range Management, 40(3), 237-239.
  • Engle, D.M. (1985). Effects of eastern redcedar on range and livestock production. p. 53-60. In: D.M. Engle and R.F. Wittwer (eds.), Eastern redcedar in Oklahoma. Conf. Proc., Coop. Ext. Serv., Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, Okla.
  • Engle, D.M., and J.F. Sritzke. (1992). Herbage production around eastern redcedar trees, p. 13-14. In: 1983-1991 Range Research Highlights. Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension Service, Circular E-905
  • Farina, A. (1997). Landscape structure and breeding bird distribution in a sub-Mediterranean agro-ecosystem. Landscape Ecology, 12(6), 365-378.
  • Ferguson, E. R., E. R. Lawson, W. R. Maple, and C. Savage. (1968). Managing eastern redcedar. USDA, Forest Serv. Res. Pap. SO-37.
  • Finney MA , McHugh CW , Stratton RD , and Riley KL. (2011). A simulation of probabilistic wildfire risk components for the continental United States. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 25: 973–1000.
  • Fowells, H. A. (1965). Silvics of forest trees of the United States. Agric. Handb. US Dep. Agric., (271).
  • Frost, J. S., and Powell, L. A. (2011). Cedar infestation impacts avian communities along the Niobrara River Valley, Nebraska. Restoration Ecology, 19(4), 529-536.
  • Fuhlendorf SD, Archer SR , Smeins FE , et al. (2008). The combined influence of grazing, fire, and herbaceous productivity on tree–grass interactions. In: Van Auken OW (Ed). Western North American Juniperus communities: a dynamic vegetation type. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
  • Fuhlendorf SD, Engle DM , Elmore RD , et al. (2012). Conservation of pattern and process: developing an alternative paradigm of rangeland management. Rangeland Ecol Manag 65: 579–89.
  • Fuhlendorf, S. D., A. J. Woodward, D. M. Leslie Jr., and J. S. Shackford. (2002). Multi-scale effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on lesser prairie-chicken populations of the US southern Great Plains. Landscape Ecology 17:617–628.
  • Fuhlendorf, S. D., Smeins, F. E., and Taylor, C. A. (1997). Browsing and tree size influences on Ashe juniper understory. Journal of Range Management, 50:507-512.
  • Ganguli, A. C., Engle, D. M., Mayer, P. M., and Fuhlendorf, S. D. (2008). When are native species inappropriate for conservation plantings?. Rangelands, 30(6), 27-32.
  • Ganguli, A. C., Engle, D. M., Mayer, P. M., and Salo, L. F. (2016). Influence of resource availability on Juniperus virginiana expansion in a forest–prairie ecotone. Ecosphere, 7(8).
  • Gehring J.L. and T.B. Bragg. (1992). Changes in prairie vegetation under eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) in an eastern Nebraska bluestem prairie. American Midlands Naturalist, 128, 209-217.
  • Grzybowski, J. A., Tazik, D. J., and Schnell, G. D. (1994). Regional analysis of black-capped vireo breeding habitats. Condor, 96(2), 512-544.
  • Guyette, R. P., Muzika, R. M., and Dey, D. C. (2002). Dynamics of an anthropogenic fire regime. Ecosystems, 5(5), 472-486.
  • Hall, M. T. (1952). Variation and hybridization in Juniperus. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 39(1), 1-64.
  • Hall, M. T. (1955). Comparison of Juniper populations on an Ozark glade and old fields. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 42(2), 171-194.
  • Hall, Marion T. (1961). Notes on cultivated junipers. Butler Univ., Bot. Stud. 14:73-90.
  • Harper, R. M. (1912). The diverse habitats of the eastern red cedar and their interpretation. Torreya 12(7), 145-154.
  • Hoch GA. (2000). Patterns and mechanisms of eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) expansion into tallgrass prairie in the Flint Hills Kansas [dissertation]. Manhattan (KS): Kansas State University. 110p.
  • Holthuijzen, A. M A., T. L. Sharik, and J. D. Fraser. (1986). Dispersal of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) into pastures: an overview. Can. J. Bot 65:1092–1095.
  • Holthuijzen, A. M. A. (1983). Dispersal ecology of eastern red cedar Juniperus virginiana L.). Ph.D. Thesis, Dep. Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. 231 p.
  • Holthuijzen, A. M., and Sharik, T. L. (1984). Seed longevity and mechanisms of regeneration of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 153-158.
  • Holthuijzen, A. M., and Sharik, T. L. (1985a). The avian seed dispersal system of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Canadian Journal of Botany, 63(9), 1508-1515.
  • Holthuijzen, A. M., and Sharik, T. L. (1985b). The red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) seed shadow along a fenceline. American Midland Naturalist, 200-202.
  • Holthuijzen, A. M., Sharik, T. L., and Fraser, J. D. (1987). Dispersal of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) into pastures: an overview. Canadian Journal of Botany, 65(6), 1092-1095.
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  • Horncastle, V. J., Hellgren, E. C., Mayer, P. M., Ganguli, A. C., Engle, D. M., and Leslie Jr, D. M. (2005). Implications of invasion by Juniperus virginiana on small mammals in the southern Great Plains. Journal of Mammalogy, 86(6), 1144-1155.
  • Huang, Y., Wilcox, B. P., Stern, L., and Perotto‐Baldivieso, H. (2006). Springs on rangelands: runoff dynamics and influence of woody plant cover. Hydrological Processes: An International Journal, 20(15), 3277-3288.
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  • Lally, D., Bielski, C., Schick, B., Westerhold, C., Zahn, A., Allen, C., Anderson, B., Twidwell, D. (2016). Eastern Redcedar Invasion Threatens Funding for Nebraska’s Public Schools. University of Nebraska Beefwatch, August 2016.
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